# FrostDateFinder > Last spring and first fall frost (32°F freeze) dates for 124 US cities from NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020 (public domain), with 10%/50%/90% probability dates and vegetable planting calendars (offsets from Oregon State University Extension). ## Cities (50% last frost / 50% first frost / growing season) - [New York, NY](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/new-york-ny/): last April 2, first November 14, 226 days; 10% risk last frost April 13 (station USW00094789) - [Los Angeles, CA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/los-angeles-ca/): frost uncommon (station USW00023174) - [Chicago, IL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/chicago-il/): last April 16, first October 28, 193 days; 10% risk last frost May 1 (station USW00094846) - [Houston, TX](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/houston-tx/): last February 13, first December 9, 300 days; 10% risk last frost March 12 (station USW00012960) - [Phoenix, AZ](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/phoenix-az/): frost uncommon (station USW00023183) - [Philadelphia, PA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/philadelphia-pa/): last April 2, first November 10, 224 days; 10% risk last frost April 13 (station USW00013739) - [San Antonio, TX](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/san-antonio-tx/): last February 26, first November 28, 277 days; 10% risk last frost March 17 (station USW00012921) - [San Diego, CA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/san-diego-ca/): frost uncommon (station USW00023188) - [Dallas, TX](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/dallas-tx/): last March 8, first November 24, 262 days; 10% risk last frost March 26 (station USW00003927) - [San Jose, CA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/san-jose-ca/): frost uncommon (station USW00023293) - [Austin, TX](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/austin-tx/): last March 12, first November 16, 252 days; 10% risk last frost April 2 (station USW00013904) - [Jacksonville, FL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/jacksonville-fl/): last February 25, first December 7, 288 days; 10% risk last frost March 19 (station USW00013889) - [Columbus, OH](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/columbus-oh/): last April 18, first October 27, 191 days; 10% risk last frost May 5 (station USW00014821) - [Charlotte, NC](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/charlotte-nc/): last March 30, first November 3, 221 days; 10% risk last frost April 14 (station USW00013881) - [Indianapolis, IN](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/indianapolis-in/): last April 15, first October 26, 193 days; 10% risk last frost May 2 (station USW00093819) - [San Francisco, CA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/san-francisco-ca/): frost uncommon (station USW00023234) - [Seattle, WA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/seattle-wa/): last March 2, first November 23, 266 days; 10% risk last frost March 23 (station USW00024233) - [Denver, CO](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/denver-co/): last May 5, first October 9, 156 days; 10% risk last frost May 19 (station USW00003017) - [Washington, DC](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/washington-dc/): last March 24, first November 18, 241 days; 10% risk last frost April 6 (station USW00013743) - [Boston, MA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/boston-ma/): last April 4, first November 9, 218 days; 10% risk last frost April 17 (station USW00014739) - [El Paso, TX](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/el-paso-tx/): last March 2, first November 20, 261 days; 10% risk last frost March 19 (station USW00023044) - [Nashville, TN](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/nashville-tn/): last March 31, first November 3, 217 days; 10% risk last frost April 16 (station USW00013897) - [Detroit, MI](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/detroit-mi/): last April 20, first October 27, 188 days; 10% risk last frost May 8 (station USW00094847) - [Oklahoma City, OK](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/oklahoma-city-ok/): last April 4, first November 2, 213 days; 10% risk last frost April 20 (station USW00013967) - [Portland, OR](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/portland-or/): last March 13, first November 19, 247 days; 10% risk last frost April 1 (station USW00024229) - [Las Vegas, NV](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/las-vegas-nv/): frost uncommon (station USW00023169) - [Louisville, KY](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/louisville-ky/): last March 31, first November 7, 222 days; 10% risk last frost April 16 (station USW00093821) - [Baltimore, MD](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/baltimore-md/): last April 10, first October 31, 204 days; 10% risk last frost April 25 (station USW00093721) - [Milwaukee, WI](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/milwaukee-wi/): last April 19, first October 29, 192 days; 10% risk last frost May 2 (station USW00014839) - [Albuquerque, NM](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/albuquerque-nm/): last April 6, first November 3, 208 days; 10% risk last frost April 23 (station USW00023050) - [Tucson, AZ](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/tucson-az/): last February 5, first December 9, 307 days; 10% risk last frost March 2 (station USW00023160) - [Fresno, CA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/fresno-ca/): frost uncommon (station USW00093193) - [Sacramento, CA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/sacramento-ca/): last February 22, first November 24, 277 days; 10% risk last frost April 1 (station USW00093225) - [Kansas City, MO](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/kansas-city-mo/): last April 13, first October 24, 193 days; 10% risk last frost April 29 (station USW00003947) - [Atlanta, GA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/atlanta-ga/): last March 15, first November 20, 252 days; 10% risk last frost April 4 (station USW00013874) - [Omaha, NE](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/omaha-ne/): last April 18, first October 21, 185 days; 10% risk last frost April 30 (station USW00014942) - [Colorado Springs, CO](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/colorado-springs-co/): last May 3, first October 8, 158 days; 10% risk last frost May 15 (station USW00093037) - [Raleigh, NC](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/raleigh-nc/): last March 31, first November 4, 219 days; 10% risk last frost April 16 (station USW00013722) - [Virginia Beach, VA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/virginia-beach-va/): last March 17, first November 23, 252 days; 10% risk last frost March 31 (station USW00013737) - [Minneapolis, MN](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/minneapolis-mn/): last April 23, first October 18, 176 days; 10% risk last frost May 7 (station USW00014922) - [Tulsa, OK](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/tulsa-ok/): last March 31, first November 4, 220 days; 10% risk last frost April 15 (station USW00013968) - [Tampa, FL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/tampa-fl/): frost uncommon (station USW00012842) - [New Orleans, LA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/new-orleans-la/): frost uncommon (station USW00012916) - [Wichita, KS](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/wichita-ks/): last April 11, first October 29, 199 days; 10% risk last frost April 26 (station USW00003928) - [Cleveland, OH](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/cleveland-oh/): last April 20, first November 3, 198 days; 10% risk last frost May 5 (station USW00014820) - [Bakersfield, CA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/bakersfield-ca/): frost uncommon (station USW00023155) - [Lexington, KY](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/lexington-ky/): last April 13, first October 28, 196 days; 10% risk last frost May 1 (station USW00093820) - [St. Louis, MO](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/st-louis-mo/): last April 2, first November 4, 215 days; 10% risk last frost April 17 (station USW00013994) - [Pittsburgh, PA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/pittsburgh-pa/): last April 23, first October 23, 181 days; 10% risk last frost May 12 (station USW00094823) - [Cincinnati, OH](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/cincinnati-oh/): last April 18, first October 25, 188 days; 10% risk last frost May 7 (station USW00093814) - [Orlando, FL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/orlando-fl/): frost uncommon (station USW00012815) - [Newark, NJ](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/newark-nj/): last April 2, first November 10, 222 days; 10% risk last frost April 15 (station USW00014734) - [Toledo, OH](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/toledo-oh/): last April 22, first October 24, 188 days; 10% risk last frost May 7 (station USW00094830) - [Greensboro, NC](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/greensboro-nc/): last March 30, first November 5, 220 days; 10% risk last frost April 14 (station USW00013723) - [Lincoln, NE](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/lincoln-ne/): last April 24, first October 13, 171 days; 10% risk last frost May 7 (station USW00014939) - [Buffalo, NY](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/buffalo-ny/): last April 24, first October 26, 183 days; 10% risk last frost May 9 (station USW00014733) - [Fort Wayne, IN](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/fort-wayne-in/): last April 24, first October 21, 178 days; 10% risk last frost May 10 (station USW00014827) - [Lubbock, TX](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/lubbock-tx/): last April 4, first November 2, 210 days; 10% risk last frost April 22 (station USW00023042) - [Reno, NV](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/reno-nv/): last April 20, first October 23, 184 days; 10% risk last frost May 5 (station USW00023185) - [Madison, WI](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/madison-wi/): last May 1, first October 10, 160 days; 10% risk last frost May 16 (station USW00014837) - [Boise, ID](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/boise-id/): last April 24, first October 21, 179 days; 10% risk last frost May 9 (station USW00024131) - [Richmond, VA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/richmond-va/): last April 3, first November 4, 215 days; 10% risk last frost April 18 (station USW00013740) - [Spokane, WA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/spokane-wa/): last April 26, first October 12, 168 days; 10% risk last frost May 10 (station USW00024157) - [Des Moines, IA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/des-moines-ia/): last April 18, first October 20, 184 days; 10% risk last frost May 2 (station USW00014933) - [Birmingham, AL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/birmingham-al/): last March 21, first November 11, 236 days; 10% risk last frost April 8 (station USW00013876) - [Rochester, NY](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/rochester-ny/): last April 24, first October 25, 181 days; 10% risk last frost May 8 (station USW00014768) - [Salt Lake City, UT](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/salt-lake-city-ut/): last April 8, first October 31, 204 days; 10% risk last frost April 30 (station USW00024127) - [Little Rock, AR](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/little-rock-ar/): last March 21, first November 10, 234 days; 10% risk last frost April 6 (station USW00013963) - [Grand Rapids, MI](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/grand-rapids-mi/): last April 29, first October 20, 174 days; 10% risk last frost May 15 (station USW00094860) - [Knoxville, TN](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/knoxville-tn/): last April 1, first November 2, 215 days; 10% risk last frost April 17 (station USW00013891) - [Providence, RI](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/providence-ri/): last April 11, first October 30, 199 days; 10% risk last frost April 23 (station USW00014765) - [Chattanooga, TN](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/chattanooga-tn/): last March 24, first November 9, 230 days; 10% risk last frost April 8 (station USW00013882) - [Springfield, MO](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/springfield-mo/): last April 9, first October 27, 199 days; 10% risk last frost April 27 (station USW00013995) - [Amarillo, TX](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/amarillo-tx/): last April 13, first October 27, 195 days; 10% risk last frost April 29 (station USW00023047) - [Sioux Falls, SD](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/sioux-falls-sd/): last May 1, first October 6, 157 days; 10% risk last frost May 14 (station USW00014944) - [Syracuse, NY](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/syracuse-ny/): last April 29, first October 19, 173 days; 10% risk last frost May 13 (station USW00014771) - [Hartford, CT](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/hartford-ct/): last April 21, first October 16, 177 days; 10% risk last frost May 6 (station USW00014740) - [Albany, NY](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/albany-ny/): last April 27, first October 15, 169 days; 10% risk last frost May 11 (station USW00014735) - [Akron, OH](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/akron-oh/): last April 24, first October 28, 186 days; 10% risk last frost May 9 (station USW00014813) - [Dayton, OH](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/dayton-oh/): last April 16, first October 28, 194 days; 10% risk last frost May 3 (station USW00093815) - [Columbia, SC](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/columbia-sc/): last March 25, first November 7, 229 days; 10% risk last frost April 10 (station USW00013883) - [Charleston, SC](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/charleston-sc/): last March 7, first November 27, 266 days; 10% risk last frost March 27 (station USW00013880) - [Savannah, GA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/savannah-ga/): last March 2, first November 30, 270 days; 10% risk last frost March 25 (station USW00003822) - [Asheville, NC](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/asheville-nc/): last April 9, first October 28, 201 days; 10% risk last frost April 27 (station USW00003812) - [Burlington, VT](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/burlington-vt/): last April 29, first October 15, 169 days; 10% risk last frost May 11 (station USW00014742) - [Portland, ME](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/portland-me/): last April 26, first October 15, 170 days; 10% risk last frost May 7 (station USW00014764) - [Manchester, NH](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/manchester-nh/): last April 21, first October 19, 180 days; 10% risk last frost May 6 (station USW00014710) - [Fargo, ND](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/fargo-nd/): last May 10, first September 30, 143 days; 10% risk last frost May 23 (station USW00014914) - [Bismarck, ND](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/bismarck-nd/): last May 14, first September 27, 136 days; 10% risk last frost May 27 (station USW00024011) - [Billings, MT](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/billings-mt/): last May 4, first October 7, 156 days; 10% risk last frost May 18 (station USW00024033) - [Missoula, MT](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/missoula-mt/): last May 16, first September 26, 130 days; 10% risk last frost June 1 (station USW00024153) - [Cheyenne, WY](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/cheyenne-wy/): last May 12, first October 1, 141 days; 10% risk last frost May 26 (station USW00024018) - [Rapid City, SD](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/rapid-city-sd/): last May 12, first October 1, 139 days; 10% risk last frost May 26 (station USW00024090) - [Anchorage, AK](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/anchorage-ak/): last May 5, first October 1, 147 days; 10% risk last frost May 15 (station USW00026451) - [Green Bay, WI](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/green-bay-wi/): last April 30, first October 9, 161 days; 10% risk last frost May 16 (station USW00014898) - [Duluth, MN](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/duluth-mn/): last May 13, first October 1, 140 days; 10% risk last frost May 29 (station USW00014913) - [Peoria, IL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/peoria-il/): last April 16, first October 23, 189 days; 10% risk last frost May 4 (station USW00014842) - [Springfield, IL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/springfield-il/): last April 14, first October 20, 187 days; 10% risk last frost April 29 (station USW00093822) - [Evansville, IN](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/evansville-in/): last April 4, first October 29, 206 days; 10% risk last frost April 19 (station USW00093817) - [Huntsville, AL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/huntsville-al/): last March 24, first November 8, 229 days; 10% risk last frost April 8 (station USW00003856) - [Montgomery, AL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/montgomery-al/): last March 13, first November 13, 244 days; 10% risk last frost March 31 (station USW00013895) - [Jackson, MS](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/jackson-ms/): last March 14, first November 14, 245 days; 10% risk last frost April 2 (station USW00003940) - [Shreveport, LA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/shreveport-la/): last March 9, first November 18, 255 days; 10% risk last frost March 29 (station USW00013957) - [Baton Rouge, LA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/baton-rouge-la/): last February 25, first November 26, 276 days; 10% risk last frost March 19 (station USW00013970) - [Tallahassee, FL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/tallahassee-fl/): last March 11, first November 21, 255 days; 10% risk last frost March 30 (station USW00093805) - [Eugene, OR](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/eugene-or/): last April 11, first October 23, 196 days; 10% risk last frost May 9 (station USW00024221) - [Medford, OR](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/medford-or/): last April 8, first October 29, 204 days; 10% risk last frost April 30 (station USW00024225) - [Yakima, WA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/yakima-wa/): last May 8, first October 4, 149 days; 10% risk last frost May 27 (station USW00024243) - [Flagstaff, AZ](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/flagstaff-az/): last June 4, first September 28, 115 days; 10% risk last frost June 19 (station USW00003103) - [Santa Fe, NM](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/santa-fe-nm/): last May 4, first October 15, 164 days; 10% risk last frost May 17 (station USW00023049) - [Grand Junction, CO](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/grand-junction-co/): last April 28, first October 16, 171 days; 10% risk last frost May 14 (station USW00023066) - [Pueblo, CO](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/pueblo-co/): last April 30, first October 9, 161 days; 10% risk last frost May 12 (station USW00093058) - [Topeka, KS](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/topeka-ks/): last April 12, first October 23, 191 days; 10% risk last frost April 27 (station USW00013996) - [Lansing, MI](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/lansing-mi/): last May 1, first October 13, 162 days; 10% risk last frost May 18 (station USW00014836) - [Cedar Rapids, IA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/cedar-rapids-ia/): last April 27, first October 11, 165 days; 10% risk last frost May 11 (station USW00014990) - [Allentown, PA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/allentown-pa/): last April 20, first October 24, 184 days; 10% risk last frost May 6 (station USW00014737) - [Harrisburg, PA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/harrisburg-pa/): last April 9, first November 2, 206 days; 10% risk last frost April 25 (station USW00014711) - [Worcester, MA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/worcester-ma/): last April 23, first October 21, 181 days; 10% risk last frost May 5 (station USW00094746) - [Bangor, ME](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/bangor-me/): last May 4, first October 4, 152 days; 10% risk last frost May 17 (station USW00014606) - [Wilmington, NC](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/wilmington-nc/): last March 19, first November 20, 247 days; 10% risk last frost April 4 (station USW00013748) - [Roanoke, VA](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/roanoke-va/): last April 3, first November 1, 210 days; 10% risk last frost April 18 (station USW00013741) - [Charleston, WV](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/charleston-wv/): last April 16, first October 26, 192 days; 10% risk last frost May 5 (station USW00013866) - [Miami, FL](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/miami-fl/): frost uncommon (station USW00012839) - [Honolulu, HI](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/frost-dates/honolulu-hi/): frost uncommon (station USW00022521) ## Crops - [Beans](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/beans/): plant out 1 week after last frost; start indoors 3 weeks before last frost - [Broccoli](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/broccoli/): plant out 4 weeks before last frost; start indoors 10 weeks before last frost - [Brussels sprouts](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/brussels-sprouts/): plant out 4 weeks before last frost; start indoors 10 weeks before last frost - [Cabbage](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/cabbage/): plant out 5 weeks before last frost; start indoors 11 weeks before last frost - [Cauliflower](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/cauliflower/): plant out 2 weeks before last frost; start indoors 8 weeks before last frost - [Sweet corn](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/corn/): plant out on the frost-free date last frost; start indoors 4 weeks before last frost - [Cucumbers](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/cucumbers/): plant out 1 week after last frost; start indoors 2 weeks before last frost - [Kale](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/kale/): plant out 5 weeks before last frost; start indoors 11 weeks before last frost - [Leeks](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/leeks/): plant out 5 weeks before last frost; start indoors 15 weeks before last frost - [Lettuce](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/lettuce/): plant out 2 weeks before last frost; start indoors 7 weeks before last frost - [Melons](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/melons/): plant out 2 weeks after last frost; start indoors 1 weeks before last frost - [Onions](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/onions/): plant out 6 weeks before last frost; start indoors 16 weeks before last frost - [Peas](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/peas/): plant out 4 weeks before last frost; start indoors 8 weeks before last frost - [Peppers](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/peppers/): plant out 2 weeks after last frost; start indoors 6 weeks before last frost - [Squash](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/squash/): plant out 2 weeks after last frost; start indoors 1 weeks before last frost - [Tomatoes](https://frostdatefinder.pages.dev/crops/tomatoes/): plant out on the frost-free date last frost; start indoors 8 weeks before last frost